Trowulan site is the only one classical age City of Hindu Budha in Indonesia which can still be found. This Site covers an area of 11 km x 9 km, which includes District Trowulan and Sooko in Mojokerto regency and district Mojoagung and Mojowarno under Jombang. Site of the former capital of Majapahit Kingdom built on flat terrain on foot three mountains, namely mauntain Welirang, and Anjasmara Mountain. Geographically, the area Trowulan suitable for human settlement because powered by plane topography with relatively shallow groundwater. Hundreds thousand archaeological remains of the old city in the world Trowulan found buried under soil and on the surface of the forms: artifacts, where the largest trail a large archipelago kingdom of Majapahit located.
Interesting site of the remnants of the Kingdom Majapahit found through research wide and long. Research The first in the world performed Trowulan by Wardenaar in 1815. Commissioned by Sir Raffles, Wardenaar make a note of the archaeological heritage and his work in the area of Mojokerto Raffles quoted in the book "History of Java "(1817), which is exposed to various archaeological objects found in Trowulan of Majapahit Kingdom. On In 1849, a team of archaeologists, WR van Hovell, JVG Brumund, and Jonathan Rigg publish their research in the "Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Asia East. "Another book on the findings Trowulan titled "Toelichting over den Pilaar van Ouden Majapahit "written by J. Hageman in 1858. Later, R.D.M. Verbeek made a site visits to Trowulan and issued a report in a article entitled "Oudheden van Majapahit in 1815 en 1887 ", published in TBG XXXIII years , 1889. Further research is conducted by R.A.A. Kromodjojo Adinegoro Bupati (Head) Mojokerto (1849-1916) which had attention big on Archaeological Heritage in Trowulan. He dug up the old water system named "Tikus" Temple or Temple of Mouse and Adinegoro also initiated formation of the Mojokerto Museum store of archaeological artifacts Majapahit Kingdom. Meanwhile, J. Knebel, members Comissie voor Oudheidkundig Orderzoek op Java en Madura in 1907 documenting the archaeological heritage Trowulan. Another scholar, NJ Krom, the last legacy of the Kingdom Majapahit in Trowulan in his book Inleiding tot de Hindoe Javaansche Kunst (1923).
Research more intensive do on formation Oudheidkundige Vereeneging Majapahit (OVM) in 1924 initiated by RAA Kromodjojo Adinegoro work together with a Dutchman by the name of Ir. Henry Maclaine Pont in office in Trowulan. The Office set as a house museum and exhibition relics of an era Majapahit. Between 1921-1924, Maclaine Pont led the excavation at Trowulan to verify the data of the manuscript Nagarakartagama and provide initial reconstruction sketch of Majapahit in Trowulan. Stutterheim who conduct research on the capital structure of the Kingdom Majapahit also use the script Nagarakartagama Canto VIII - XII as the main reference and concluded that the palace city planning Majapahit analogous to that of the Yogyakarta and Surakarta. Studies further suggests that Construction on the palace complex resembles the design of a Balinese compound palace (Stutterheim, 1948). research further carried out by the Centre National Archaeological Research (Arkenas Research Center) in 1970 to , 1993. Centre for Research continues to seek more evidence of the old city through archaeological excavations with using the instructions (place name) found in the manuscript Nagarakartagama as a reference or based on new findings discovered by the local community. Research at that time apply Sporadic strategies and found that Trowulan site is an accumulation of various artifacts not only showed evidence of settlement humans, but also other sites used for ceremonial activities, rituals, sanctuaries, industrial activities, home slaughter, burial, rice, markets, aqueducts and reservoirs. The site dividing the city into areas smaller connected by road system. However, the results of This research has not been able to provide a complete portrait of the entire Majapahit as described by prapanca in writing literature in Nagarakartagama. A comprehension which more comprehensive of Site Trowulan acquired through photo air of site which taken by Tim Geography Gadjah Mada University indicates that the site Trowulan is a city which has canal system. Since 1926, various studies have revealed that Trowulan site has 18 dams large and small are connected to the irrigation systems with channel width and narrow. From the aerial view of the old city of Majapahit, it can be observed that ancient water canals constructed symmetric and seems to have formed City. year after year, research activities and preservation more done in Site Trowulan not only by the Centre Preservation of Cultural Heritage in East Java, which is responsible for preserve the site, but also by other institutions and academics have attention to heritage Glorious Majapahit Empire in World Trowulan. As time progresses, many building sites and the remains of human settlements have been excavated, restored, maintained and utilized as the Rat Temple (Temple Mice), Gateway of Bajangratu, New Temple, Gentong Temple, Gateway Wringinlawang, Kedaton Temple, and Completion Sentonorejo.
Thousands of artifacts from the site has Trowulan discovered and preserved. Partially most of the artifacts found by experts and were found by held in the local community Majapahit Information Center or known Majapahit Information Center (PIM) . Majapahit artifacts classified based on the substance of the material artifacts: a. Terracotta Artifacts (made of earthenware clay) consists of: 1) Sculpture / Human statue or sculpture (Featuring a different race as Chinese, Indian, Arabic), 2) Home Appliances Appliances such as water bottles, tubs, piggy- banks; 3) the means of production, among others: mold sculpture, kowi (metal mold good, made of clay), and 4) Elements of buildings and housing like miniature houses, pillars as maquette, tile, tops, water pipes, and jaladwara (drains temple). b. Ceramic artifacts (made from ceramics) such as plates, bowls, vases, spoon either locally made or from import.c. Metal artifacts (made from metals) such as: coins either artificial of local and foreign origin, tool used for ceremonies such as bells, mirrors, zodiac baker, burn dupa.d. Stone artifacts (made from andesite or tuff) as relief, statues and tablets Stone. Analyzing various artifacts, many researchers then studied Further Majapahit era civilization, associated with various aspects such as economic systems, religion, literature, technology, art, law, agriculture and the environment.
The results of the study and This in-depth research has been enrich the wealth of knowledge on the findings of the Majapahit kingdom and has allowed the experts to reconstruct civilization at that time. Based on the findings of scattered heritage either in the form of the remains of the building and ancient human settlements as well as individual artifacts, Nurhadi Rangkuti then propose the hypothesis that Majapahit capital area in Trowulan measuring 9 x 11 sq. km. This hypothesis analogy applies in the age pattern of city Islamic Mataram pointing mosque as a landmark for the border kingdom. Assuming that the culture is a diffusion process continued, the city Majapahit kingdom must have based on a city planning concepts that may similar to the Mataram Kingdom.
The results of this extensive study on the Site Trowulan clearly shows that Trowulan site is the location of the remains the capital city of the Majapahit kingdom during more than 200 years between the 13 - century 15th, and the site is valued as important part of the history Indonesian culture and civilization. Justification of Outstanding Universal Value (I) is a work of genius Human Artefak diverse creative support the site as a mother Trowulan city of Majapahit Kingdom can be observed until now. The remains of archaeological and thousands of artifacts found in the Trowulan site strong indication that Trowulan is a modern city it.From during archaeological evidence found on the site, can be concluded that the capital of the Kingdom Majapahit in Site built Trowulan through a process of deliberation and done with planning thorough and detailed architecture promoting modern wisdom in the care of the local environment. This provide evidence of accumulation knowledge and ideas of civilization Indonesia advanced to the ancestors 12th and 14th centuries. Some experts studying the site Trowulan to interpret various possible reasons for choosing this area as the capital for Majapahit kingdom in the past.
Following These are some considerations:
a. This region is an area that very fertile because no sediment quarter containing volcanic sand or gravel pyroc clastica. Ingredients This comes from a volcano in section south of the area known as Arjuna complex consists of Anjasmoro volcanic mountains, Welirang, and Penanggunangan. Mountain Anjasmoro is the oldest volcano The area has changed. Be unstable, mountain rock can moves. These rocks move into volcanic mud flow when it rains hit the area and develop into a fan-shaped fluvio volcanic sediments. From the analysis This, it can be concluded that the area Trowulan located at the tip of the fan fluvio volcanic. Furthermore, supported by River watershed from Ginting and Brangkal River and has flat topography rich with fluvio volcanic sediment, this area provide stable power source and fertile to sustain people's lives.
b. Once close to the water sheds Brantas River and other small rivers, Trowulan areas have easy access with other regions.
c. The canals were built in systematically dissecting the city Majapahit was the result of deliberation wise and advanced civilization show concern for environment. Previous studies have indicate that the climate in that age Trowulan and surrounding area has not changed significantly compared to the tropical rainy climate currently categorized as Type AW. According to Koppen, under the type of climate, high rainfall in rainy months can not be compensate for the low rainfall in dry season. (Sutikno, 1993).
On This condition, Trowulan region and vicinity may experience 4 until 6 months of drought in year. Despite having two streams - Scissors and Brangkal River River, in The second volume of the dry season the river can shrink and the opposite happens in the rainy season. Flooding can occur and develop fluvio volcanic fan (Sutikno, 1993). By Therefore, installment canal system would justified.
With 20 to 40 channels across Majapahit meter-wide area, the city is designed under an organized pattern the building is located in the certain parts of Majapahit a planned city, Majapahit clearly is central to the government. Network of canals in cross-site Trowulan crosses city almost perpendicular. Apparently Majapahit developed based chessboard pattern formed by a relatively straight channel and extending perpendicularly from the north to south and from west to east.
The course of the canal was not necessarily aligned the north-south magnetic axis earth. The canals are slightly shifted -100 To right, clockwise Cartesian quadrant. It appears that the channel adapted to the conditions geographically. Seen from a distance grid canal on the map, in the west, channels the north- located relatively close to the south of the each other than to their built in the eastern part. It is showed that in the zone where relatively close to the canal, this area utilized for completion, city center and the royal palace. While it, the canals east-west built straight and intersecting parts the middle of the canal system gives evidence that there is a link to social activities culture which connects the east, west, north and south to the central part of the city. The canals also associated with the road network constructed parallel to the canal either on one or both sides of the canal. The results showed that duct system and building water built in the Majapahit era serving as a means of irrigation for agriculture and used to channel water into the reservoir.
Trowulan have Dam of five reservoirs that Baureno, Kumitir Dam, Dam Domas, Temon Dam, Kraton Wulan Kedung Dam and Dam. Besides The dam, Trowulan have three man-made ponds positioned closely, namely Bunder Balong, Balong Dowo, Segaran and ponds. Dam- serves as a reservoir dam water, flood control, and manage moisture areas.Selasa, 08 Juli 2014
The Majapahit Empire
Trowulan site is the only one classical age City of Hindu Budha in Indonesia which can still be found. This Site covers an area of 11 km x 9 km, which includes District Trowulan and Sooko in Mojokerto regency and district Mojoagung and Mojowarno under Jombang. Site of the former capital of Majapahit Kingdom built on flat terrain on foot three mountains, namely mauntain Welirang, and Anjasmara Mountain. Geographically, the area Trowulan suitable for human settlement because powered by plane topography with relatively shallow groundwater. Hundreds thousand archaeological remains of the old city in the world Trowulan found buried under soil and on the surface of the forms: artifacts, where the largest trail a large archipelago kingdom of Majapahit located.
Interesting site of the remnants of the Kingdom Majapahit found through research wide and long. Research The first in the world performed Trowulan by Wardenaar in 1815. Commissioned by Sir Raffles, Wardenaar make a note of the archaeological heritage and his work in the area of Mojokerto Raffles quoted in the book "History of Java "(1817), which is exposed to various archaeological objects found in Trowulan of Majapahit Kingdom. On In 1849, a team of archaeologists, WR van Hovell, JVG Brumund, and Jonathan Rigg publish their research in the "Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Asia East. "Another book on the findings Trowulan titled "Toelichting over den Pilaar van Ouden Majapahit "written by J. Hageman in 1858. Later, R.D.M. Verbeek made a site visits to Trowulan and issued a report in a article entitled "Oudheden van Majapahit in 1815 en 1887 ", published in TBG XXXIII years , 1889. Further research is conducted by R.A.A. Kromodjojo Adinegoro Bupati (Head) Mojokerto (1849-1916) which had attention big on Archaeological Heritage in Trowulan. He dug up the old water system named "Tikus" Temple or Temple of Mouse and Adinegoro also initiated formation of the Mojokerto Museum store of archaeological artifacts Majapahit Kingdom. Meanwhile, J. Knebel, members Comissie voor Oudheidkundig Orderzoek op Java en Madura in 1907 documenting the archaeological heritage Trowulan. Another scholar, NJ Krom, the last legacy of the Kingdom Majapahit in Trowulan in his book Inleiding tot de Hindoe Javaansche Kunst (1923).
Research more intensive do on formation Oudheidkundige Vereeneging Majapahit (OVM) in 1924 initiated by RAA Kromodjojo Adinegoro work together with a Dutchman by the name of Ir. Henry Maclaine Pont in office in Trowulan. The Office set as a house museum and exhibition relics of an era Majapahit. Between 1921-1924, Maclaine Pont led the excavation at Trowulan to verify the data of the manuscript Nagarakartagama and provide initial reconstruction sketch of Majapahit in Trowulan. Stutterheim who conduct research on the capital structure of the Kingdom Majapahit also use the script Nagarakartagama Canto VIII - XII as the main reference and concluded that the palace city planning Majapahit analogous to that of the Yogyakarta and Surakarta. Studies further suggests that Construction on the palace complex resembles the design of a Balinese compound palace (Stutterheim, 1948). research further carried out by the Centre National Archaeological Research (Arkenas Research Center) in 1970 to , 1993. Centre for Research continues to seek more evidence of the old city through archaeological excavations with using the instructions (place name) found in the manuscript Nagarakartagama as a reference or based on new findings discovered by the local community. Research at that time apply Sporadic strategies and found that Trowulan site is an accumulation of various artifacts not only showed evidence of settlement humans, but also other sites used for ceremonial activities, rituals, sanctuaries, industrial activities, home slaughter, burial, rice, markets, aqueducts and reservoirs. The site dividing the city into areas smaller connected by road system. However, the results of This research has not been able to provide a complete portrait of the entire Majapahit as described by prapanca in writing literature in Nagarakartagama. A comprehension which more comprehensive of Site Trowulan acquired through photo air of site which taken by Tim Geography Gadjah Mada University indicates that the site Trowulan is a city which has canal system. Since 1926, various studies have revealed that Trowulan site has 18 dams large and small are connected to the irrigation systems with channel width and narrow. From the aerial view of the old city of Majapahit, it can be observed that ancient water canals constructed symmetric and seems to have formed City. year after year, research activities and preservation more done in Site Trowulan not only by the Centre Preservation of Cultural Heritage in East Java, which is responsible for preserve the site, but also by other institutions and academics have attention to heritage Glorious Majapahit Empire in World Trowulan. As time progresses, many building sites and the remains of human settlements have been excavated, restored, maintained and utilized as the Rat Temple (Temple Mice), Gateway of Bajangratu, New Temple, Gentong Temple, Gateway Wringinlawang, Kedaton Temple, and Completion Sentonorejo.
Thousands of artifacts from the site has Trowulan discovered and preserved. Partially most of the artifacts found by experts and were found by held in the local community Majapahit Information Center or known Majapahit Information Center (PIM) . Majapahit artifacts classified based on the substance of the material artifacts: a. Terracotta Artifacts (made of earthenware clay) consists of: 1) Sculpture / Human statue or sculpture (Featuring a different race as Chinese, Indian, Arabic), 2) Home Appliances Appliances such as water bottles, tubs, piggy- banks; 3) the means of production, among others: mold sculpture, kowi (metal mold good, made of clay), and 4) Elements of buildings and housing like miniature houses, pillars as maquette, tile, tops, water pipes, and jaladwara (drains temple). b. Ceramic artifacts (made from ceramics) such as plates, bowls, vases, spoon either locally made or from import.c. Metal artifacts (made from metals) such as: coins either artificial of local and foreign origin, tool used for ceremonies such as bells, mirrors, zodiac baker, burn dupa.d. Stone artifacts (made from andesite or tuff) as relief, statues and tablets Stone. Analyzing various artifacts, many researchers then studied Further Majapahit era civilization, associated with various aspects such as economic systems, religion, literature, technology, art, law, agriculture and the environment.
The results of the study and This in-depth research has been enrich the wealth of knowledge on the findings of the Majapahit kingdom and has allowed the experts to reconstruct civilization at that time. Based on the findings of scattered heritage either in the form of the remains of the building and ancient human settlements as well as individual artifacts, Nurhadi Rangkuti then propose the hypothesis that Majapahit capital area in Trowulan measuring 9 x 11 sq. km. This hypothesis analogy applies in the age pattern of city Islamic Mataram pointing mosque as a landmark for the border kingdom. Assuming that the culture is a diffusion process continued, the city Majapahit kingdom must have based on a city planning concepts that may similar to the Mataram Kingdom.
The results of this extensive study on the Site Trowulan clearly shows that Trowulan site is the location of the remains the capital city of the Majapahit kingdom during more than 200 years between the 13 - century 15th, and the site is valued as important part of the history Indonesian culture and civilization. Justification of Outstanding Universal Value (I) is a work of genius Human Artefak diverse creative support the site as a mother Trowulan city of Majapahit Kingdom can be observed until now. The remains of archaeological and thousands of artifacts found in the Trowulan site strong indication that Trowulan is a modern city it.From during archaeological evidence found on the site, can be concluded that the capital of the Kingdom Majapahit in Site built Trowulan through a process of deliberation and done with planning thorough and detailed architecture promoting modern wisdom in the care of the local environment. This provide evidence of accumulation knowledge and ideas of civilization Indonesia advanced to the ancestors 12th and 14th centuries. Some experts studying the site Trowulan to interpret various possible reasons for choosing this area as the capital for Majapahit kingdom in the past.
Following These are some considerations:
a. This region is an area that very fertile because no sediment quarter containing volcanic sand or gravel pyroc clastica. Ingredients This comes from a volcano in section south of the area known as Arjuna complex consists of Anjasmoro volcanic mountains, Welirang, and Penanggunangan. Mountain Anjasmoro is the oldest volcano The area has changed. Be unstable, mountain rock can moves. These rocks move into volcanic mud flow when it rains hit the area and develop into a fan-shaped fluvio volcanic sediments. From the analysis This, it can be concluded that the area Trowulan located at the tip of the fan fluvio volcanic. Furthermore, supported by River watershed from Ginting and Brangkal River and has flat topography rich with fluvio volcanic sediment, this area provide stable power source and fertile to sustain people's lives.
b. Once close to the water sheds Brantas River and other small rivers, Trowulan areas have easy access with other regions.
c. The canals were built in systematically dissecting the city Majapahit was the result of deliberation wise and advanced civilization show concern for environment. Previous studies have indicate that the climate in that age Trowulan and surrounding area has not changed significantly compared to the tropical rainy climate currently categorized as Type AW. According to Koppen, under the type of climate, high rainfall in rainy months can not be compensate for the low rainfall in dry season. (Sutikno, 1993).
On This condition, Trowulan region and vicinity may experience 4 until 6 months of drought in year. Despite having two streams - Scissors and Brangkal River River, in The second volume of the dry season the river can shrink and the opposite happens in the rainy season. Flooding can occur and develop fluvio volcanic fan (Sutikno, 1993). By Therefore, installment canal system would justified.
With 20 to 40 channels across Majapahit meter-wide area, the city is designed under an organized pattern the building is located in the certain parts of Majapahit a planned city, Majapahit clearly is central to the government. Network of canals in cross-site Trowulan crosses city almost perpendicular. Apparently Majapahit developed based chessboard pattern formed by a relatively straight channel and extending perpendicularly from the north to south and from west to east.
The course of the canal was not necessarily aligned the north-south magnetic axis earth. The canals are slightly shifted -100 To right, clockwise Cartesian quadrant. It appears that the channel adapted to the conditions geographically. Seen from a distance grid canal on the map, in the west, channels the north- located relatively close to the south of the each other than to their built in the eastern part. It is showed that in the zone where relatively close to the canal, this area utilized for completion, city center and the royal palace. While it, the canals east-west built straight and intersecting parts the middle of the canal system gives evidence that there is a link to social activities culture which connects the east, west, north and south to the central part of the city. The canals also associated with the road network constructed parallel to the canal either on one or both sides of the canal. The results showed that duct system and building water built in the Majapahit era serving as a means of irrigation for agriculture and used to channel water into the reservoir.
Trowulan have Dam of five reservoirs that Baureno, Kumitir Dam, Dam Domas, Temon Dam, Kraton Wulan Kedung Dam and Dam. Besides The dam, Trowulan have three man-made ponds positioned closely, namely Bunder Balong, Balong Dowo, Segaran and ponds. Dam- serves as a reservoir dam water, flood control, and manage moisture areas.
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